The aquaduct above is in Spain and is Ancient Roman. Notice the arches, strong as they are, lasting even today.
As we said before, verbs are the workhorses of every language driving the sentence creating new meaning. It's time now to learn another tense and believe it or not you already know the endings without any memorizing!
The tense is the Pluperfect. It is a combination of the third principal part of the verb with the imperfect tense of 'sum' added. The imperfect of 'sum' are the forms: 'eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant.' Just add them to the third part of the verb and you have the tense. This tense is translated, always, with the word 'had.' Look on page 213 to see the Latin forms and follow along with this video.
As we said before, verbs are the workhorses of every language driving the sentence creating new meaning. It's time now to learn another tense and believe it or not you already know the endings without any memorizing!
The tense is the Pluperfect. It is a combination of the third principal part of the verb with the imperfect tense of 'sum' added. The imperfect of 'sum' are the forms: 'eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant.' Just add them to the third part of the verb and you have the tense. This tense is translated, always, with the word 'had.' Look on page 213 to see the Latin forms and follow along with this video.
See. It's really very easy. Do this exercise to make reinforce the forms:
Pluperfect
By the way, it continues just as easily for the last tense: the future perfect. The next and last tense uses the third principal part of the verb, that is the perfect system, and the future tense of 'sum'; thereby, it creates the future perfect. These forms of 'sum', added to the third principal part, are: ' ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint' -- the last form is usually 'erunt' but in the tense here it keeps the 'i' throughout.
By the way, this tense is very sophisticated and those not used to Western languages have a hard time with it. Think about it: this tense is referring to a future action occurring in the past! Getting your heard around that meaning as a time indicator when you are not fluent in it is very difficult. Russian, for example, does not have this tense at all. So your Russian counterparts learning English right now are struggling with why this tense even exists. We use it but rarely in English.
For the Latin and to learn the English of this follow along on page 218 for the forms while watching this video.
Pluperfect
By the way, it continues just as easily for the last tense: the future perfect. The next and last tense uses the third principal part of the verb, that is the perfect system, and the future tense of 'sum'; thereby, it creates the future perfect. These forms of 'sum', added to the third principal part, are: ' ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint' -- the last form is usually 'erunt' but in the tense here it keeps the 'i' throughout.
By the way, this tense is very sophisticated and those not used to Western languages have a hard time with it. Think about it: this tense is referring to a future action occurring in the past! Getting your heard around that meaning as a time indicator when you are not fluent in it is very difficult. Russian, for example, does not have this tense at all. So your Russian counterparts learning English right now are struggling with why this tense even exists. We use it but rarely in English.
For the Latin and to learn the English of this follow along on page 218 for the forms while watching this video.
Now take on this exercise to reinforce the forms, you are doing great!
Future Perfect
To be sure that we know the distinction between these tenses, try this exercise:
Pluperfect and Future Perfect
Let's change course here for a moment to keep our memory of noun forms in great shape. Look on pages 212 and 213 for Ablative of Cause. It's not hard and just really pretty self-explanatory. The video below reviews all case forms and it helps to keep it in memory. So watch this.
Future Perfect
To be sure that we know the distinction between these tenses, try this exercise:
Pluperfect and Future Perfect
Let's change course here for a moment to keep our memory of noun forms in great shape. Look on pages 212 and 213 for Ablative of Cause. It's not hard and just really pretty self-explanatory. The video below reviews all case forms and it helps to keep it in memory. So watch this.
Ok. Do this Ablative of Cause exercise.
The Cause of the Ablative
Now take on the vocabulary with pages 211 and 212. When ready, do these exercises reinforcing the words:
vocabulary 1
vocabulary 2
vocabulary 3
Our culture lesson is more of a history lesson about the First and Second Punic Wars. These involved the cursed enemy of Rome: Carthage in North Africa. These two video address each war and compliment the text on pages 216 to 218. Read those pages then watch these great videos.
The Cause of the Ablative
Now take on the vocabulary with pages 211 and 212. When ready, do these exercises reinforcing the words:
vocabulary 1
vocabulary 2
vocabulary 3
Our culture lesson is more of a history lesson about the First and Second Punic Wars. These involved the cursed enemy of Rome: Carthage in North Africa. These two video address each war and compliment the text on pages 216 to 218. Read those pages then watch these great videos.
Try this culture/history check of what we have learned:
Punic Wars
Translate the story of pages 211 and 212 into your notebooks numbering each sentence for reference. When done, it's time for a review.
On page 223 is a review of grammar so far and you have done great. To make the review easier, you can do the virtual review below. We are nearing the end of the course here and a good review will help improve your grade!
Review
Punic Wars
Translate the story of pages 211 and 212 into your notebooks numbering each sentence for reference. When done, it's time for a review.
On page 223 is a review of grammar so far and you have done great. To make the review easier, you can do the virtual review below. We are nearing the end of the course here and a good review will help improve your grade!
Review
pen/paper exercise
Chapter 24 Verb Practice
1. he had read
2. they will have met
3. I have built
4. you (s) wrote
5. you (pl) had written
6. we will have read
7. he did cultivate
8. they had rested
9. we will have decided
10. you (s) had heard
11. we will see
12. they were doing
13. you (pl) remained
14. they are putting on
15. we will have sat down
16. cucurrerat
17. descenderimus
18. egimus
19. conduxisti
20. induunt
21. licuerat
22. legerint
23. circumierant
24. occurristis
25. aedificaverimus
1. he had read
2. they will have met
3. I have built
4. you (s) wrote
5. you (pl) had written
6. we will have read
7. he did cultivate
8. they had rested
9. we will have decided
10. you (s) had heard
11. we will see
12. they were doing
13. you (pl) remained
14. they are putting on
15. we will have sat down
16. cucurrerat
17. descenderimus
18. egimus
19. conduxisti
20. induunt
21. licuerat
22. legerint
23. circumierant
24. occurristis
25. aedificaverimus